George W. Crile, a Cleveland surgeon, opens this 1915 collection by recounting how his Ether Day Address at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1910 first set out the Kinetic Theory of Shock. That theory, he explains, grew from laboratory research and a study of Darwin's Expression of the Emotions in Man and in Animals, leading him to assert a phylogenetic origin for emotions and a pathological identity between surgical and emotional shock. The volume brings together eight papers that supplement his earlier monographs and preface work still in preparation at the time of publication.

The Tri-Organ Model of Emotion

Crile's central experimental claim is that intense emotion—fear, anger—produces measurable histological changes in only three organs: the brain, the adrenals, and the liver. He reports examining every tissue from animals subjected to strong stimuli, some killed immediately, others after repeated emotional sessions. The photomicrographs included in the paper on "The Kinetic System" are offered as evidence that these three organs "play together constantly" and that none can act without the cooperation of the other two. This tri-organ model is presented as a physical, mechanistic foundation for emotional experience, tying psychological states to observable cellular deterioration.

Insanity as a Continuum of Organic Change

Crile draws a provocative parallel between temporary mental states in disease and conventional insanity. He cites the progressive mental decline of a scholar with typhoid fever, the irritability of jaundice, and the delirium of acute infections as examples of "fleeting insanity" that differ from permanent insanity only in duration. He argues that the brain-picture of the permanently insane must be inferred, since postmortem studies are confounded by terminal disease. His solution: study the brains of insane persons who die in accidents. Throughout, he insists that mental power declines in lockstep with physical deterioration of brain cells, a relationship he claims to have demonstrated "to the minutest detail."

A Mechanistic Challenge to Traditional Psychology

In a 1913 address to Sigma Xi reprinted here, Crile attacks the traditional tripartite division of human nature into body, soul, and spirit, each studied by separate disciplines. He argues that from Aristotle onward, great minds have glimpsed the interrelation of these phenomena, but conflict between the "votaries" of physiology, psychology, and theology has persisted. Crile's mechanistic view reduces psychology to a branch of physiology: mental action cannot occur without a corresponding change in brain cells. He acknowledges that current techniques can only measure gross effects, but expresses confidence that future refinements will detect subtler changes, framing his work as a step toward unifying the sciences of mind and body.

Readers should note that these papers were written as addresses and supplements, not as a unified treatise. Crile's arguments rely heavily on his own laboratory findings and clinical observations, and he is careful to flag where evidence is incomplete—as with the brains of the insane. The collection offers a snapshot of early 20th-century physiological psychology, grounded in surgical practice and animated by a desire to replace metaphysical accounts of emotion with measurable, organic processes.